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Termites are eusocial insects that are classified in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate sequence from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from near ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they are not ants. .

Like ants and a few bees and wasps in the separate order Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, dirt, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies with many million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 decades.

Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form a part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human civilizations and are employed in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as insects that can cause considerable damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equal size of their fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin term termes ("woodworm, white ant"), modified from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the prior word tarmes.

The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of their intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were previously put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus stocks the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes good visite site care of its own young and displays other societal behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested a more conservative step of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which averts the classification of termites at family level and below.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in the exact same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they probably originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be that the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest discovered is believed to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the earliest known faecal pellets were also discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged earlier have confronted controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively categorized as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes that are not shared with other termites, like laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is because of their sociality that's due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years back.31 Termite genomes are generally comparatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was printed in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while two subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.